Phase five
Discolouration material

Journal and conference papers

Husband, S, Boxall, J B (2012)
Misleading velocity analysis for water quality management in transmission mains. EWRI 2012, Albuquerque, 20–24 May.

Husband, S, Xin, Y, Boxall, J B (2012)
Long term asset condition and discolouration modelling in water distribution systems with Epanet MSX. EWRI 2012, Albuquerque, 20–24 May.

Husband, S, Jackson, M, Boxall, J (2011)
Trunk main discolouration trials and strategic planning. Computing and Control for the Water Industry (CCWI) 2011, Exeter, UK, 5–7 September.

Husband, S (2010)
Discolouration in water distribution systems; understanding, modelling and practical applications. Doctoral thesis, the University of Sheffield.

Husband, S, Boxall, J B (2011)
Asset deterioration and discolouration in water distribution systems. Water Research 45, pp. 113–124. DOI

Husband, S, Williams, R, Boxall, J B (2010)
Risk managed trunk main operation. Water Distribution System Analysis 2010, Tucson, Arizona, USA, 12–15 September.

Sharpe, R, Smith, C J, Biggs, C A and J B Boxall (2010)
Pilot scale laboratory investigations into the impact of steady state conditioning flow on potable water discolouration. Water Distribution System Analysis 2010, Tucson, Arizona, USA, 12–15 September.

Dienes, P, Sekar, R, Husband, S, Boxall, J B, Osborn, A M and Biggs, C A (2010)
A new coupon design for simultaneous analysis of in situ microbial biofilm formation and community structure in drinking water distribution systems. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 87, pp. 749–756. DOI

Husband, S, Whitehead, J, Boxall, J B (2010)
The role of trunk mains in discolouration. In press, Journal of Water Management, ICE. DOI

Husband, S, Boxall, J B (2010)
Field studies of discolouration in water distribution systems: model verification and practical implications. Journal of Environmental Engineering 136 (1), pp. 86–94. DOI

Seth, A, Husband, S, Boxall J B (2009)
Rivelin trunk main flow test. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computing and Control for the Water Industry (CCWI), 1–3 September, Sheffield, UK.

Husband, S, Whitehead, J, Boxall J B (2009)
Long term trunk main monitoring yields operational dividends. Third Biennial Conference of the UK Network on Potable Water Treatment and Supply, Buxton, 1–2 June 2009.

Husband, S, Boxall, J B, Saul, A J (2008)
Laboratory studies investigating the processes leading to discolouration in water distribution networks. Water Research 42 (16), pp. 4309–4318.

Husband, P S and J B Boxall (2008)
Water distribution system asset deterioration and impact on water quality – a case study. ASCE World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, May 13–16, Ahupua'a, Hawaii, USA.

Vreeburg, J H G and J B Boxall (2007)
Discolouration in potable water distribution systems: a review. Water Research 41, pp. 519–529.

Husband, S, Boxall, J B (2007)
Repeat DMA flushing operations: discolouration comparison, modelling and management. Proceedings of the EPSRC Developments in Water Treatment and Supply, 4–5 July 2007, Bath, UK.

Boxall, J B and Prince, R A (2006)
Modelling discolouration in a Melbourne (Australia) potable water distribution system. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology – AQUA, IWA. 55.3, pp. 207–219.

Husband, S, Boxall, J B (2005)
Material accumulation and mobilisation in a pipe loop system. Proceedings of the EPSRC Developments in Water Treatment and Supply, 5–6 July 2005, York, UK.

Boxall, J B, Dewis, N (2005)
Identification of discolouration risk through simplified modelling. Proceedings of the ASCE, EWRI, World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, May 15–19, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.

Boxall, J B and Saul, A J (2005)
Modelling discolouration in potable water distribution systems. Journal Environmental Engineering ASCE, vol. 131, no. 5, pp. 716–725.

Boxall, J B, Saul, A J and Skipworth, P J (2004)
Modelling for hydraulic capacity. Journal of the American Water Works Association, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 161–169.

Boxall, J B, Skipworth, P J and Saul, A J (2003)
Aggressive flushing for discolouration event mitigation in water distribution networks. Water Science and Technology – Water Supply, vol. 3, part 1/2, pp. 179–186.

Boxall, J B, Unwin, D M, Husband, P S, Saul, A J, Dewis, N and Gunstead, J D (2003)
Water quality in distribution systems: rehabilitation and maintenance strategies. Proceedings of the International CCWI conference, Advances in Water Supply Management, 15–17 September 2003, Imperial College London, UK.

Boxall, J B, Saul, A J, Gunstead, J D and Dewis, N (2003)
Regeneration of discolouration in distribution systems. Proceedings of the ASCE, EWRI, World Water and Environmental Resources Conference, 23–26 June 2003, Philadelphia, USA.

Seth, A, Bachmann, R T, Boxall, J B, Saul, A J and Edyvean, R (2003)
Characterisation of materials causing discolouration in potable water systems. Water Science and Technology, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 27–32.

Boxall, J B, Skipworth, P J and Saul, A J (2001)
A novel approach to modelling sediment movement in distribution mains based on particle characteristics. Water Software Systems, vol. 1: Theory and Applications (Water Engineering & Management). B Ulanicki, B Coulbeck and J P Rance, Research Studies Press, Hertfordshire, UK, pp. 263–273.

Project base

• University of Sheffield

• Department of Civil Engineering

• Pennine Water Group

Project collaborators

All of the project sponsors below provided operational experience, field sites and assistance.

• Northumbrian Water

• Seven Trent Water

• United Utilities

• Wessex Water

• Scottish Water

Documents

DCWW Abergele November 2014. This report presents data from an initial PODDS flow conditioning trial on the 5 km 8" mixed uPVC and AC trunk main feeding Abergele service reservoir. The trial was conducted following two independent hydraulic incidents that had occurred on this main during 2014 that demonstrated a discolouration risk to customers and a follow-up DWI investigation. An updated report including findings and modelling validation from a second trial in January 2015 is also attached.

NWG Elford 6" AC flow conditioning trial and investigative study.

STW 21" Cast Iron Satnall report (March 2014) including PODDS predictive modelling, three trial analyses (two six monthly repeats) and recommended operational guidelines.

STW 21" Cast Iron Satnall trial report (January 2013) including PODDS predictive modelling from January 2012.

Turbidity versus iron. Is 1 NTU a sensible flushing target for PODDS style operational trials?

PODDS Epanet model parameters can be seen here.

PODDS Epanet Model and PODDS Epanet Manual (2009) available here.

Steering group meetings

Inaugural meeting 16 October 2013, University of Sheffield: agenda, presentation, minutes.

Second steering meeting 15 January 2014, University of Sheffield: agenda, presentation, minutes. As an 'expert' group, do we need regulatory clarification on what is 'clean'? To assist the University of Sheffield's 'Discolouration' REF submission plus guidance notes are attached.

Updates from Will Furnass (pipe rig mobilisation results and modelling) and Isabel Douterelo (microbial analysis of field based pipe coupons) are included in the presentation. Martin Jackson also gave a presentation on how PODDS parameters may be determined directly from hydraulic values.

Third steering meeting 9 April 2014, University of Sheffield: agenda, presentation, minutes.

Fourth steering meeting 9 July 2014, University of Sheffield: agenda, presentation, minutes.

Fifth steering meeting 13 October 2014, University of Sheffield: agenda, presentation, minutes. The meeting involved interactive PODDS modelling and live turbidity data downloaded from the latest NephNets. In addition to the PODDS work, additional presentations from Iftekhar Sunny on his PhD with Scottish Water and Kat Fish with laboratory and chlorine associated research with Dwr Cymru Welsh Water. During the meeting Isabel Douterelo presented initial results from coupon studies with Wessex Water (slides not available online).

Sixth steering meeting 13 January 2015, University of Sheffield, agenda, presentation, minutes.

Seventh steering meeting, 14 April 2015, University of Sheffield, agenda, presentation, minutes.

Eighth steering meeting, 7 July 2015, University of Sheffield, agenda, presentation, minutes.

Ninth steering meeting, 29 September 2015, University of Sheffield, agenda, presentation, minutes.

Risk tool

Discolouration risk analysis tool – opens a folder with the latest version, Epanet.exe file, Epanet.dll file and two example Epanet files. These can be downloaded and saved as appropriate. Instructions for use can be found in the user manual.

Discolouration risk analysis tool user manual – methodology, operation and validation document.

Publications

S Husband, M Jackson and J Boxall (2015)
Identifying material accumulation processes in drinking water distribution systems with extended period Epanet MSX turbidity simulations. Procedia Engineering, vol. 119, pp. 398–406. DOI

S Husband and J Boxall (2015)
Predictive water quality modelling and resilience flow conditioning to manage discolouration risk in operational trunk mains. IWA Publishing Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA 64.5, pp. 529–542. DOI

S Husband, I Douterelo, K Fish and J Boxall (2015)
Biofilms and discolouration material accumulation processes in drinking water distribution systems and modelling the hydraulic mobilisation. IWA Specialized Conference Biofilms in drinking water systems Arosa, Switzerland August 2015.

S Husband, M Jackson and J Boxall (2015)
Identifying material accumulation processes in drinking water distribution systems with extended period Epanet MSX turbidity simulations. 13th Computer Control for Water Industry Conference, CCWI, Leicester, UK September 2015.

D M Cook, P S Husband and J B Boxall (2015)
Operational management of trunk main discolouration risk. Urban Water Journal. DOI

K Fish, R Collins, N Green, R L Sharpe, A Osbourn and J Boxall (2015)
Characterisation of the physical composition and microbial community structure of biofilms within a model full-scale drinking water distribution system. PLOS ONE, 10.

I Douterelo, J Boxall, P Dienes, R Sekar, K Fish and C Biggs (2014)
Methodological approaches for studying the microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems. Water Research, 65, pp. 134–156.

I Douterelo, R L Sharpe and J Boxall (2014)
Bacterial community dynamics during the early stages of biofilm formation in a chlorinated experimental drinking water distribution system: implications for drinking water discolouration. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 117, pp. 286–301.

S R Mounce, P S Husband, W R Furnass and J B Boxall (2014)
Multivariate data mining for estimating the rate of discolouration material accumulation in drinking water systems. 16th Conference on Water Distribution System Analysis, WDSA 2014, Bari, Italy. Conference presentation can be found here.

I Douterelo, S Husband and J Boxall (2014)
The bacteriological composition of biomass recovered by flushing an operational drinking water distribution system. Water Research, vol. 54, 1 May 2014, pp. 100–114. DOI

W R Furnass, R P Collins, P S Husband, R L Sharpe, S R Mounce and J B Boxall (2014)
Modelling both the continual erosion and regeneration of discolouration material in drinking water distribution systems. IWA Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, vol. 14 (1), pp. 81–90.

S Husband, J Mistry and J Boxall (2013)
Modelling and flow conditioning to manage discolouration in trunk mains. 12th International Conference on Computing and Control for the Water Industry (CCWI 2013), Perugia, Italy 2–5 September 2013.

I Douterelo, R L Sharpe and J Boxall (2013)
Influence of hydraulic regimes on bacterial community structure and composition in an experimental drinking water distribution system. Water Research, vol. 47, Issue 2, 1 February 2013, pp. 503–516. DOI

W R Furnass, R P Collins, P S Husband, R L Sharpe, S R Mounce and J B Boxall (2012)
Modelling both the continual erosion and regeneration of discolouration material in drinking water distribution systems. IWA New Developments in IT and Water Conference, Amsterdam 4–6 November 2012

S Husband and J B Boxall (2012)
Misleading velocity analysis for water quality management in transmission mains. EWRI 2012, Albuquerque 20–24 May.

S Husband, Y Xin and J B Boxall (2012)
Long term asset condition and discolouration modelling in water distribution systems with Epanet MSX. EWRI 2012, Albuquerque 20–24 May.

S Husband, M Jackson and J Boxall (2011)
Trunk main discolouration trials and strategic planning. Computing and Control for the Water Industry (CCWI) 2011, Exeter 5–7th September.

S Husband (2010)
Discolouration in water distribution systems; understanding, modelling and practical applications. Doctoral Thesis, University of Sheffield.

S Husband and J B Boxall (2011)
Asset Deterioration and discolouration in water distribution systems. Water Research 45, pp. 113–124. DOI

S Husband, R Williams and J B Boxall (2010)
Risk managed trunk main operation. Water Distribution System Analysis 2010, Tucson, Arizona, USA, 12–15 September.

R Sharpe, C J Smith, C A Biggs and J B Boxall (2010)
Pilot scale laboratory investigations into the impact of steady state conditioning flow on potable water discolouration. Water Distribution System Analysis 2010, Tucson, Arizona, USA, 12–15 September.

P Dienes, R Sekar, S Husband, J B Boxall, A M Osborn and C A Biggs (2010)
A new coupon design for simultaneous analysis of in situ microbial biofilm formation and community structure in drinking water distribution systems. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 87, pp. 749–756. DOI

S Husband, J Whitehead and J B Boxall (2010)
The role of trunk mains in discolouration. Journal of Water Management, ICE. DOI

S Husband and J B Boxall (2010)
Field studies of discolouration in water distribution systems: model verification and practical implications. Journal of Environmental Engineering 136(1), pp. 86–94. DOI

A Seth, S Husband and J B Boxall (2009)
Rivelin trunk main flow test. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computing and Control for the Water Industry, CCWI, 1–3 September, Sheffield, UK.

S Husband, J Whitehead and J B Boxall (2009)
Long term trunk main monitoring yields operational dividends. Third Biennial Conference of the UK Network on Potable Water Treatment and Supply, Buxton, 1–2 June 2009.

S Husband, J B Boxall and A J Saul (2008)
Laboratory studies investigating the processes leading to discolouration in water distribution networks. Water Research 42(16), pp. 4309–4318.

P S Husband and J B Boxall (2008)
Water distribution system asset deterioration and impact on water quality – a case study. ASCE World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, May 13–16, Ahupua'a, Hawaii, USA.

J H G Vreeburg and J B Boxall (2007)
Discolouration in potable water distribution systems: a review. Water Research 41, pp. 519–529.

S Husband and J B Boxall (2007)
Repeat DMA flushing operations: discolouration comparison, modelling and management. Proceedings of the EPSRC Developments in Water Treatment and Supply, 4–5 July 2007, Bath, UK.

J B Boxall and R A Prince (2006)
Modelling discolouration in a Melbourne (Australia) potable water distribution system. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology – AQUA, IWA. 55.3, pp. 207–219.

S Husband and J B Boxall (2005)
Material accumulation and mobilisation in a pipe loop system. Proceedings of the EPSRC Developments in Water Treatment and Supply, 5–6 July 2005, York, UK.

J B Boxall and N Dewis (2005)
Identification of discolouration risk through simplified modelling. Proceedings of the ASCE, EWRI, World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, May 15–19, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.

J B Boxall and A J Saul (2005)
Modelling discolouration in potable water distribution systems. Journal Environmental Engineering ASCE, vol. 131, no. 5, pp. 716–725.

J B Boxall, A J Saul and P J Skipworth (2004)
Modelling for hydraulic capacity. Journal of the American Water Works Association, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 161–169.

J B Boxall, P J Skipworth and A J Saul (2003)
Aggressive flushing for discolouration event mitigation in water distribution networks. Water Science and Technology – Water Supply vol. 3, part 1 of 2 pp. 179–186.

J B Boxall, D M Unwin, P S Husband, A J Saul, N Dewis and J D Gunstead (2003)
Water quality in distribution systems: rehabilitation and maintenance strategies. Proceedings of the International CCWI conference, Advances in Water Supply Management, 15–17 September 2003, Imperial College London, UK.

J B Boxall, A J Saul, J D Gunstead and N Dewis (2003)
Regeneration of discolouration in distribution systems. Proceedings of the ASCE, EWRI, World Water and Environmental Resources Conference, 23–26 June 2003, Philadelphia, USA.

A Seth, R T Bachmann, J B Boxall, A J Saul and R Edyvean (2003)
Characterisation of materials causing discolouration in potable water systems. Water Science and Technology, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 27–32.

J B Boxall, P J Skipworth and A J Saul (2001)
A novel approach to modelling sediment movement in distribution mains based on particle characteristics. Water Software Systems: vol. 1: Theory and Applications (Water Engineering and Management), B Ulanicki, B Coulbeck and J P Rance, Research Studies Press, Hertfordshire, UK. 1, pp. 263–273.